激光(LASER)焊接技術(shù)

激光焊接技術(shù)是把激光束(LASER)經(jīng)過(guò)聚焦后形成高能量密度(單位:g/cm3或kg/m3)的激光脈沖對材料進(jìn)行微小區域內的局部(part)加熱，將材料熔化(定義:物質(zhì)由固態(tài)變成液態(tài)的變化過(guò)程)后形成特定熔池，從而達到焊接的目的。光泵式激光配件。指以光泵方式激勵的激光器配件，包括幾乎是全部的固體激光器配件和液體激光器配件，以及少數氣體激光器配件和半導體激光器配件。

目前，用于大功率(High-power)(指物體在單位時(shí)間內所做的功的多少)激光焊接的激光器配件主要是CO2氣體激光器配件和Nd:YAG固體激光器配件兩種。固體激光配件，這類(lèi)激光器配件所采用的工作物質(zhì)，是通過(guò)把能夠產(chǎn)生受激輻射作用的金屬離子摻入晶體或玻璃基質(zhì)中構成發(fā)光中心而制成的。半導激光配件，這類(lèi)激光器配件是以一定的半導體材料作工作物質(zhì)而產(chǎn)生受激發(fā)射作用，其原理是通過(guò)一定的激勵方式(電注入、光泵或高能電子束注入)，在半導體物質(zhì)的能帶之間或能帶與雜質(zhì)能級之間，通過(guò)激發(fā)非平衡載流子而實(shí)現粒子數反轉，從而產(chǎn)生光的受激發(fā)射作用。

CO2氣體激光器配件輸出的激光波長(cháng)為10.6μm，它是以CO2混合氣體作為激光活性介質(zhì)(起決定作用的物質(zhì))，通過(guò)放電產(chǎn)生激勵(Excitation)。固體激光配件，這類(lèi)激光器配件所采用的工作物質(zhì)，是通過(guò)把能夠產(chǎn)生受激輻射作用的金屬離子摻入晶體或玻璃基質(zhì)中構成發(fā)光中心而制成的。

Nd:YAG固體激光器配件輸出的激光波長(cháng)為1.06μm,它是以摻有釹(Nd)(Nd)或釔(Y)(Yb)金屬離子的YAG晶體作為激光活性介質(zhì)(起決定作用的物質(zhì))，主要通過(guò)光泵浦(pump)來(lái)發(fā)射激光。固體激光配件，這類(lèi)激光器配件所采用的工作物質(zhì)，是通過(guò)把能夠產(chǎn)生受激輻射作用的金屬離子摻入晶體或玻璃基質(zhì)中構成發(fā)光中心而制成的。

同CO2激光器配件相比，Nd:YAG激光器配件主要優(yōu)勢(解釋:能壓倒對方的有利形勢)是光束可以通過(guò)光纖(Fiber)進(jìn)行傳播，且其波長(cháng)短，有利于材料表面的吸收，尤其對焊接銅(化學(xué)式Cu)合金和鋁(Al)合金(熔點(diǎn)660℃)等材料更為優(yōu)越。

Laser (LASER) welding technology

Laser welding technology is to focus the laser beam (LASER) to form a high energy density (g/cm3 or kg/m3) laser pulse to heat the part of the material in a small area, then melt the material (definition: the change process of material from solid to liquid) to form a specific molten pool, so as to achieve the purpose of welding. Optically pumped laser accessories. It refers to laser accessories excited by optical pumps, including almost all solid-state laser accessories and liquid laser accessories, as well as a few gas laser accessories and semiconductor laser accessories.

At present, the laser parts used for high-power laser welding are mainly CO2 gas laser parts and Nd:YAG solid-state laser parts. Solid-state laser accessories, the working substance used in such laser accessories, are made by incorporating metal ions capable of generating stimulated radiation into crystals or glass substrates to form luminescent centers. Semiconductor laser fittings, which are stimulated by a certain semiconductor material as working material, are based on the principle of exciting unbalanced carriers between the energy bands of semiconductor materials or between the energy bands and impurity levels through a certain excitation mode (electric injection, optical pump or high-energy electron beam injection). In order to generate the stimulated emission of light, the inversion of particle number is realized.

The output wavelength of CO2 laser is 10.6 micron. It uses CO2 mixture as the laser active medium (the decisive substance) and generates excitation (Excitation) by discharging. Solid-state laser accessories, the working substance used in such laser accessories, are made by incorporating metal ions capable of generating stimulated radiation into crystals or glass substrates to form luminescent centers.

The output wavelength of Nd: YAG solid-state laser is 1.06 micron. It uses Nd (Nd) or Y (Yb) metal ions doped YAG crystal as the laser active medium (the decisive substance), mainly through optical pumping (pump) to emit laser. Solid-state laser accessories, the working substance used in such laser accessories, are made by incorporating metal ions capable of generating stimulated radiation into crystals or glass substrates to form luminescent centers.

Compared with CO2 laser accessories, the main advantage of Nd:YAG laser accessories is that the beam can be propagated through fiber, and its wavelength is short, which is conducive to the absorption of material surface, especially for welding copper (chemical copper) alloy and aluminum (Al) alloy (melting point 660 C).

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